Fine Rust Particle Silt-Out — Disturbed rust particles can rapidly reduce visibility.

Landmark Misidentification — Familiar sites can become unrecognisable at night.

Light-Induced Tunnel Vision — Focused light beams reduce peripheral awareness.

Depth Perception Errors — Reduced ambient light increases depth perception mistakes.

Hidden Depth Variations — Complex reef topography can conceal depth changes, leading to unintended profile variations.

Distraction from Marine Activity — High fish activity can distract divers and delay depth or gas awareness.

Rapid Surge Direction Changes — Surge near reef structures can reverse direction quickly, pushing divers sideways into unexpected areas.

Edge-Accelerated Currents — Currents often strengthen along drop-off edges.

Depth Perception Distortion — Visual contrast can distort perceived depth.

Terrain-Induced Descent — Divers may unintentionally follow terrain downward.

Gradual Narcosis Onset — Narcosis may develop slowly, making self-assessment unreliable.

Task Fixation at Depth — Cognitive narrowing at depth can reduce awareness of time and ascent rate.

Increased Gas Density Breathing Load — Higher gas density at depth increases work of breathing.

Remote Silt Disturbance — Silt can be disturbed metres away from the source.

Rapid Stress Escalation — Stress can increase sharply when visibility or navigation degrades.

High Cognitive Load Navigation — Complex passages increase mental workload even on a line.

Navigation Ambiguity — Lack of reference points makes exits harder to relocate.

Unnoticed Depth Drift — Featureless terrain can cause slow, unnoticed depth changes.

Camouflaged Hazardous Species — Hazardous marine life may remain unnoticed until very close.